the benefits and risks associated with the child immunization

Advantages and Disadvantages of Infant Immunization

It is easy to consider the advantages and disadvantages of infant immunization. Understanding the possible dangers of infant vaccination, on the other hand, is simpler, particularly since the benefits are intangible. In these cases, an individual will be aware of how many times the infant has been exposed to vaccine-preventable diseases. This limits the efficiency with which the child's mediated immunity is used. Despite the dangers involved with newborn vaccines, there are many advantages that children and the general population gain from the procedure. The primary benefit of child vaccination is that it aids in disease prevention. This is regarded as the best achievement in public health in the twentieth century. Annually, the infant vaccines prevent more than 32,000 deaths in U.S, 8400 child hospitalization in Colorado, and 3 million deaths worldwide. Vaccination protects people that one cares about in their family. Additionally, vaccines and treatment process are safe and cost-effective. Based in this annotated bibliography, infant vaccination is more than risk.

Timeliness of Infant Vaccination and Factors Related to Delay

Lernout, T., Theeten, H., Hens, N., Braeckman, T., Roelants, M., Hoppenbrouwers, K., & Van Damme, P. (2014). Timeliness of infant vaccination and factors related to the delay in Flanders, Belgium. Vaccine, 32(2), 284-289.

This article assesses the timeliness of various vaccines such as measles and diphtheria in infants, especially in Flanders, Belgium (Lernout et al., 2014). In addition to identifying the key predictors of delay in vaccination. The authors used various mechanisms such as the Kaplan-Meier estimator to assess the timeliness. They argue that timely treatment is of vital significance in reducing the risks of diseases in infants and other population. But a delayed infant vaccination increases the gap of disease protection between the maternal antibodies and vaccine-induced immunity protection mechanism.

Impact of Delayed Infant Vaccination on Herd Immunity

Lernout et al. (2014) further elaborate that this negatively affects the herd immunity which offers full protection for children and infants. This leads to children becoming more vulnerable to the vaccine-preventable disorders such as measles and Bordetella pertussis. The timeliness assessment of an infant vaccination should occur depending on an infant age and the possible risk factors.

Factors Associated with Delayed Vaccine Administration

This article outlines factors associated with delayed vaccine administration to include the children's position or rank in the family, the origin of the mother, income level of the household, and the primary vaccinator. However, the authors argue that gender, past illness, education do not significantly influence the age of infant vaccination. The article further explains that despite late administration, infant vaccination decreases the level of disease occurrence in children of Belgium (Lernout et al., 2014). The authors explain the necessary effect of a faster way of administering the vaccines to save more lives from disease infection.

Decrease in Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Ni, Y. H., Chang, M. H., Jan, C. F., Hsu, H. Y., Chen, H. L., Wu, J. F., & Chen, D. S. (2016). The continuous decrease in hepatitis B virus infection 30 years after initiation of infant vaccination program in Taiwan. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(9), 1324-1330.

The authors of this article analyze a continuous decrease in the level of hepatitis B after a successful initiation and implementation of the infant vaccination in Taiwan. Ni et al. (2016) conducted many epidemiological and serologic research surveys in Taiwan to determine the causes and effects of Hepatitis B. In addition to how the effects could be reduced and how hepatitis could be prevented from future occurrence. The results show that individuals born before the administration of universal vaccination were positive for hepatitis B compared to infants born afterward. Most of the infants were born to mothers who had hepatitis B. During the provision of universal vaccine, the hepatitis B continues to decrease in many children and their parents. Based on the article, infant vaccination reduced the rate of hepatitis B infection in children. In addition to lessening the risk of infection from other diseases associated with hepatitis B. This shows a reduction in the mortality rates that occur due to hepatitis B and its affiliate disorders. Currently, the new infants do not have cases of hepatitis due to universal vaccination for the mothers. It has significantly reduced complications during delivery of the children with fewer immune disorders.

Benefits and Risks of Rotavirus Vaccines

Parashar, U. D., Cortese, M. M., Payne, D. C., Lopman, B., Yen, C., & Tate, J. E. (2015). Value of post-licensure data on benefits and risks of vaccination to inform vaccine policy: The example of rotavirus vaccines. American journal of preventive medicine, 49(6), S377-S382.

The article analyzes the benefits and risk of an infant vaccination based on the post-licensure information regarding the rotavirus vaccines. A rotavirus is the primary leading cause of gastroenteritis among the infants and children across the globe. Parashar et al. (2015) explain that due to higher health expenses for families, preventing the rotavirus has been the primary concern for global health institutions. And due to several effects of rotavirus, world health organization (WHO) introduced a world recommendation on the effective implementation of the rotavirus vaccines. As a result, by 2015 around 90 nations had implemented the vaccines to help in preventing and reducing the effects among the infants (Parashar et al., 2015). Based on the post-licensure information, there are higher intussusception risks of children with rotavirus five and one (RV5 AND RV1). The authors elaborate that this has led to increasing the risk of infection from other diseases such as hepatitis and measles. However, with the introduction of the rotavirus vaccine, there has been a reduction in gastroenteritis, diarrhoea hospitalizations, and decline in the infant diarrhoea mortality rates in many nations such as Brazil, Panama, and Mexico (Parashar et al., 2015)

Efficacy and Effectiveness of Infant Hepatitis B Vaccination

Peto, T. J., Mendy, M. E., Lowe, Y., Webb, E. L., Whittle, H. C., & Hall, A. J. (2014). Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986–90) and the national immunization program. BMC infectious diseases, 14(1), 7.

The article outlines the efficacy and effectiveness of the universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B in Gambia and across the globe. The authors argue that universal infant vaccination is a critical tool used in preventing the chronic occurrence of hepatitis B among the children of Gambia. This comes after the authors revealed that before 1986 Gambian infants were not routinely being vaccinated against the severe hepatitis B virus (HBV) (Peto et al., 2014). This led the babies to obtain vaccination from the global immunization program. The authors analyzed that in comparing fully vaccinated against unvaccinated infants, the occurrence of HBV infection was higher (94%) in the unvaccinated infants than in treated children (6%) (Peto et al., 2014). The high prevalence of infection occurs in males than in females. Moreover, they elaborate that infant hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination provides substantial protection against the Hepatitis B virus carriage in early childhood to adulthood. Despite already infection in some adults, the protection persists past the onset of the sexual activities, thereby making it significant to implement the countrywide infant HBV vaccination.

Effectiveness and Adverse Events of Universal Infant Rotavirus Vaccination Program

Sanford, C., Langley, J. M., Halperin, S. A., Zelman, M., & Maritime Universal Rotavirus Vaccination Program, M. U. R. V. P. (2015). A universal infant rotavirus vaccine program in two delivery models: Effectiveness and adverse events following immunization. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 11(4), 870-874.

The authors of this article discuss the effects of the universal infant rotavirus vaccination program based on two key delivery models. These include the effectiveness and adverse events that characterize immunization. They single out the human vaccines and immunotherapeutic. According to Sanford et al. (2015), the universal infant rotavirus vaccine program (UIRVP) is essential in reducing the effects of many disorders that occur in the children. As a global program, it works in association with respective world governments to ensure that there is efficient and sufficient prevention of the preventable vaccine diseases such as hepatitis, measles, and polio. The article explains that the administration of the rotavirus vaccine would not only help the infants but also protect the future generation from being infected. Currently, the World Health Organization (WHO) is encouraging more nations to implement the rotavirus vaccines for their citizens. This comes after the recent breakout of severe diseases such as cholera, measles, and polio in countries such as South Africa and Gabon (Sanford et al., 2015)

Provider and Parental Attitudes and Practices Regarding Multiple Injections During Infant Vaccination

Wallace, A. S., Mantel, C., Mayers, G., Mansoor, O., Gindler, J. S., & Hyde, T. B. (2014). Experiences with the provider and parental attitudes and practices regarding the administration of multiple injections during infant vaccination visits: lessons for vaccine introduction. Vaccine, 32(41), 5301-5310.

Authors of the article provide the experience and lessons from the participants regarding the administration of the infant vaccination. They elaborate key lessons on the effects and challenges of the treatment on the individuals and the world. According to Wallace et al. (2014), infants are less aware of the effects and benefits of the infant vaccination. The authors argue that most of the public rely on traditional beliefs regarding some diseases hence no need for immunization. However, Wallace et al. (2014) consider holding to the beliefs as a critical issue against obtaining infant immunization. Additionally, this increases risks of disease infection hence higher mortality rates. This requires the government healthcare authorities and the healthcare providers to play a significant role in providing positive beliefs about the infant vaccination. According to Wallace et al. (2014), this should include the provision of adequate education on the effects and impacts of the universal child immunization. However, for individuals who have experienced vaccination, it reduces risks to diseases especially on infants. It improves lives for adults who are already infected by various diseases. Additionally, infant vaccination is cost-effective as it has significantly reduced the cost of medication.

Intussusception Risk After Rotavirus Vaccination

Yih, W. K., Lieu, T. A., Kulldorff, M., Martin, D., McMahill-Walraven, C. N., Platt, R., ... & Nguyen, M. (2014). Intussusception risk after rotavirus vaccination in US infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(6), 503-512.

This article describes the intussusception risks that occur after the rotavirus vaccination of infants in the United States. The vaccination had severe effects at the initial stages of administration. The intussusception risks are associated with age, immunization status, and disease infection episodes. Many infants who received the infant vaccination developed severe suffering which later led to their deaths. This occurred due to weaker immunity to fight the vaccines. According to Yi et al. (2014), the intussusception had to be solved by the government and healthcare agencies in reducing the effects of rotavirus vaccines. However, the results later reduced, and the children developed full adaptation to the vaccine. Consequently, the rate of the disease infection decreased among the US infants. This cut the medical bills and treatment effects on US citizens. The article explains that rotavirus vaccination is significant especially for the expectant mothers since it reduces complications and prevents risks of getting diseases. The authors conclude by acknowledging that infant vaccination should be supported and facilitated to the public.

References

Lernout, T., Theeten, H., Hens, N., Braeckman, T., Roelants, M., Hoppenbrouwers, K., & Van Damme, P. (2014). Timeliness of infant vaccination and factors related with delay in Flanders, Belgium. Vaccine, 32(2), 284-289.

Ni, Y. H., Chang, M. H., Jan, C. F., Hsu, H. Y., Chen, H. L., Wu, J. F., & Chen, D. S. (2016). Continuing decrease in hepatitis B virus infection 30 years after initiation of infant vaccination program in Taiwan. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 14(9), 1324-1330.

Parashar, U. D., Cortese, M. M., Payne, D. C., Lopman, B., Yen, C., & Tate, J. E. (2015). Value of post-licensure data on benefits and risks of vaccination to inform vaccine policy: The example of rotavirus vaccines. American journal of preventive medicine, 49(6), S377-S382.

Peto, T. J., Mendy, M. E., Lowe, Y., Webb, E. L., Whittle, H. C., & Hall, A. J. (2014). Efficacy and effectiveness of infant vaccination against chronic hepatitis B in the Gambia Hepatitis Intervention Study (1986–90) and in the nationwide immunisation program. BMC infectious diseases, 14(1), 7.

Sanford, C., Langley, J. M., Halperin, S. A., Zelman, M., & Maritime Universal Rotavirus Vaccination Program, M. U. R. V. P. (2015). A universal infant rotavirus vaccine program in two delivery models: Effectiveness and adverse events following immunization. Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics, 11(4), 870-874.

Wallace, A. S., Mantel, C., Mayers, G., Mansoor, O., Gindler, J. S., & Hyde, T. B. (2014). Experiences with provider and parental attitudes and practices regarding the administration of multiple injections during infant vaccination visits: lessons for vaccine introduction. Vaccine, 32(41), 5301-5310.

Yih, W. K., Lieu, T. A., Kulldorff, M., Martin, D., McMahill-Walraven, C. N., Platt, R., ... & Nguyen, M. (2014). Intussusception risk after rotavirus vaccination in US infants. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(6), 503-512.